requestId:68499ab6c6c4d9.05388532.
From the differences between the two-Chronological thinking, two theoretical symmetry of Chinese philosophy
Author: Yang Zuhan (Specially Asked by the Department of Chinese, Philosophy Research Institute of Taiwan’s “Central Major” Chinese, Philosophy Research Institute)
Source: “Hangzhou Teachers’ Journal” No. 5, 2017
Time: Confucius was the second day of the first lunar month of Wuxu
Jesus March 7, 2018
Content summary:The thinking of the two Chengs represents two forms of Chinese philosophy. The so-called philosophy is based on Kant’s definition, that is, philosophy takes thinking as its essence, and thinking as its abstract and broad-minded. Cheng Mingdao is both round and differentiated, and does not separate from specific and special things to prove the broad way of heaven; his younger brother Cheng Yichuan clearly distinguishes the differences between special and broad, and gives a clear distinction between rationality and nature. Although these two differentiated forms are different, they also express the meaning of philosophy to abstract broad people from the specifics. Then analyze the method of “sending words and expressing ideas” used by Guo Xiang’s notes. Guo Xiang’s mysterious discussion is also suitable for philosophy as the meaning of thinking. From this we can prove that even if the definition of philosophy by Oriental Kant is used, the main thinking schools and thoughts of Chinese Confucianism and Taoism are in line with the provisions of philosophy as the principle of thinking and discernment.
Keywords: Chinese Philosophy/Thinking/Er Cheng/Guo Xiang/Zhu Xi/Kant
There are many definitions of philosophy and nothing is appropriate. Teacher Li Siguang believed that philosophy is difficult to define, that is, it cannot provide clear regulations on philosophy by the following definition. He said that among the many definitions, “the subject that studies the final true form” seems to be a good way to speak, but the so-called “the final true form” does not have a clear object, and its meaning is constantly changing, so this certain meaning is not ineffective. He believed that philosophy could not be as good as using ordinary definitions, and could only give practical regulations, such as: philosophy includes metaphysics, intellectual theory, etc. [1] (PP.4-20), while Chinese philosophy focuses on the theory of mind and nature. The three teachers, Tang Junyi and Mou Zong, also gave the definition of philosophy, which can contain the characteristics of Chinese philosophy. ①The above teachings of the chief teachers are very appropriate, but I think that using Kant’s regulations on philosophy can better explain the views to be put forward in this article, that is, Chinese philosophy also has its own thinking and appropriate for ordinary philosophical studies by Oriental people.Definition. Kant said it is:
It is somewhat difficult to determine where popular perceptual knowledge becomes the boundary of philosophy. [2](P.17) Kant means that philosophy is “the intellectual application of speculativeness”, and it is different from the common or ordinary intellectual application. The boundary between these two intellectual applications should be the difference between ordinary thinking and philosophical thinking. This difference is also the same as the distinction between popular perceptual knowledge and philosophy. Kant continued:
But there is still a relatively reliable distinctive feature here, namely: abstract and broad knowledge is speculative knowledge; specific and broad knowledge is popular knowledge. Philosophical knowledge is sensual thinking knowledge, which begins when the common sensory application begins to explore abstract and broad knowledge. [2](P.17) Kant believes that ordinary or popular intellectual applications gain specific broad knowledge (specific knowledge of the broad, or concretely clear the broad one through abstraction), while speculative intellectual applications gain abstract broad knowledge. The division between popular perceptual knowledge and philosophical perceptual knowledge lies in the time when popular perceptual applications explore abstract and broad knowledge. It means to abstract the “wider” in perceptual knowledge from specific things to make it clear. This is the knowledge of philosophy. This kind of activity is speculative, so the philosophical activity or philosophical knowledge is to extract the broad one from the specifics and understand them. In this book, Kant believed that philosophy first emerged in ancient Greece. Although some common people in other worlds have thoughts about sensory knowledge such as gods and souls, they do not abstractly explore these objects based on concepts and laws, and that is, they do not separate the specific sensory application from the abstract sensory application. He believed that the Chinese and Indians were like this, and did not think that there was a phenomenon of philosophy or philosophical thinking in China. [2](P.18) Later, Hegel made a strict criticism of Confucius’ teachings that had been moving for a while in the Lebniz era in the first volume of “The History of Philosophy”, and he believed that “The Philosophy” was just a common morality, “the philosophy that he had thought about was not at all.” [3](P.119) Hegel’s comment should also be based on Kant’s meaning. Of course, the so-called philosophy is based on the oriental philosophical tradition and can be incompatible with the Chinese philosophical tradition. Chinese philosophy, whether it is Confucianism, Taoism or foreign religions born from outside the country, isRe-realistic learning questions. Confucianism takes the ultimate goal of virtue, and virtue must be fully realized by the Buddha’s moral consciousness, even if the thoughts and behaviors are purely developed according to benevolence; Taoism seeks a state of mindlessness and naturalness, and regards becoming a real person (or a supreme person) as the highest fantasy; teachings must make people understand through practical experience through practical difficulties, and this is the realm of Buddha, so teachings are a practical explanation, which is well-known. But even though we are concerned, can we not have any sensible or speculative expressions? It shouldn’t be. The speculative nature of Chinese philosophy is expressed in the practical request. Teacher Mou once said that this is what is called “teaching the principles of the name”. ②The three religions all asked to achieve the fantasy state of life through practice, and at this request, they also developed a clear and strict thinking. During the development of Confucianism to the Song and Ming dynasties, there were discussions on the body and kung fu on the teaching of virtue, and the long and short periods of the times were often complicated. Taoism developed to the study of Wei Dynasty’s Xuanxue, and the discussions on the so-called principles and the realm of expressing the principles of mystery, the discussions and discussions on the methods of relating to the methods of relating to the meaning (such as “distinguishing words and meanings”) are also very rich. There are in-depth discussions on the arguments of various sects on teaching, the detailed and large sects of sects on teaching, if there is any in-depth discussion on the final teaching and the full Buddha realm, and what teachings and theory are the teachings of teachings. All three religions have tightened the fantasy request of life and expressed a very rich thinking, that is, philosophical activities. In this regard, the Three religions use “fantasy personality” as the object to make a clear abstraction, that is, under the request of the three religions to achieve virtue, the “wider” that must be clear through the thinking activities is “fantasy personality and life”. Of course, under the request of establishing a teaching, the name theory of this teaching is directed and also discusses how to achieve the holy realm. Therefore, it is different from the name theory of philosophy. This article cannot understand too many philosophical thinking in the three religions, and can only be briefly described. ③ As Kant said above, philosophy is a thinking activity, and thinking is to move the understanding of the broader people from the concrete to the abstract. It can also be said to abstract the broader people from the specifics, or to say that the clarity of common phenomena goes from the specifics to the abstract. Although Kant believes that the Chinese people lack thinking, this must explain Chinese philosophy, and I think it is very expressive. However, the broadest ones mentioned here must be defined from the actual request. The way of heaven mentioned by Confucian Tao and the realm of life of saints, Buddhas or real people are all the same. This meaning can be discussed from the different thinking and form of the two processes, and then reminds the characteristics of Chinese philosophical thinking.
1. Cheng Mingdao’s fusion of differentiation
The differences in thinking and form between the two Chengs are proposed by the “History of Chinese Philosophy” published by the Chief Teacher of the 20th Century in the 30th CenturyLater, Teacher Mou Zongsan made sufficient certification in “Mind and Nature”, which should be said to be a conclusion. I think the differences between the two C
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